Cats use their eyes to see and interact with us. These are special tools that help them go about their daily routines and activities. When these get damaged, their entire lifestyle and overall health will be compromised.
One such problem is corneal ulcers, which, as the name suggests, affect the cornea. The cornea is the clear, outer layer of the cat's eyes. This is essential for seeing.
When that layer becomes damaged, it creates an open sore called a corneal ulcer. Corneal ulcers in cats are more common than many pet owners realize, and they can be incredibly painful.
In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about cat corneal ulcers.
What Causes Corneal Ulcers in Cats?
The causes of this eye condition can stem from internal and external factors. These include:
Eye Injuries and Trauma
Eye trauma is the most common cause of corneal ulcers in cats. Even a simple scratch on the eye's surface can lead to a painful ulcer. These injuries can come in multiple ways, including:
Rough play with other pets.
Fights with outdoor cats.
Excessive pawing at the eye.
Rubbing the face on furniture.
Contact with foreign bodies.
Eye Infections
Cat eye infections from bacterial, fungal, and viral agents can lead to corneal ulcers. Feline herpesvirus is the leading cause, and it often causes respiratory symptoms as well.
Bacterial ulcers often produce a yellow-green discharge and can progress quickly without treatment. Fungal ulcers are more common in outdoor cats who come into contact with organic material like soil or decaying plant matter.
Aside from causing eye ulcers in cats, these infections can also delay healing and recovery.
Eyelid Abnormalities
In some cats, eyelid abnormalities and structural issues can increase their risk of getting corneal ulcers. One of the most common genetic conditions is feline entropion, a condition in which the eyelid rolls inward. When left untreated, it can cause complications such as corneal ulcers.
Dry Eye
Tears are essential for maintaining a healthy surface on the eyes, as they help wash debris and keep the cornea moist. But when cats get dry eye, this lubrication is seemingly absent. As a result, the eyes will be vulnerable to injuries and infections.
Chemical Burns
Chemical exposure is a less common cause but still a possible one. This risk involves cleaning products and household chemicals. The corneal tissue is sensitive, meaning that only a tiny bit of chemical exposure can be dangerous for the eyes.
What Are the Symptoms of Corneal Ulcers in Cats?
The signs of cat corneal ulcers are generally localized on the eyes themselves, making it somewhat noticeable. Here are the common symptoms you’ll be able to notice:
Excessive Squinting and Blinking. Cats with eye issues, like corneal ulcers, often squint and blink more often. This is generally because of the chronic pain and discomfort.
Redness and Inflammation. The eyes and their surrounding tissues can appear red and inflamed.
Tearing and Eye Discharge. A cat with a corneal ulcer may have increased tear production or thick eye discharge. The type of discharge can depend on the causative agent.
Sensitivity to Light. Cats affected by corneal ulcers can often experience sensitivity to light. They’ll often avoid areas with bright light and tend to hide in corners, underneath sofas, or other areas with dim light.
Pawing at the Eyes. As the condition progresses, cats will feel more and more irritation in their eyes. This can make them want to paw or rub at them, which can worsen the corneal ulcer.
Cloudy or Hazy Eye Appearance. The more damage to the cornea, the more cloudy or hazy the eyes will look. This can interfere with a cat's vision.
Behavioral Changes. Cats with corneal ulcers will have noticeable behavioral changes. You might notice decreased activity, reduced appetite, or increased irritability.
How to Diagnose Corneal Ulcers in Cats?
Corneal ulcers can progress quickly, which means prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Here are the methods we use to test for this eye issue:
Ocular Examination
Our pet ophthalmologists will look for signs of trauma, inflammation, infections, and abnormalities. A numbing drop can reduce discomfort during the assessment.
Eye Staining Test
An eye staining test is the most commonly used method for diagnosing corneal ulcers in cats. A special dye is used here and applied to the eyes. Once applied, we'll shine a blue light that can highlight any damage or scratches in a bright, green color.
Cytology
If there’s excessive discharge or the ulcer isn’t healing as expected, we may collect a sample for a quick microscopic examination. From this sample, we can check for the presence of microorganisms.
Culture and Sensitivity Test
In some non-responsive cases, we might take a swab sample to the lab. The culture helps us identify the specific pathogen present, allowing us to know which medication works best against it.
How Are Corneal Ulcers in Cats Treated?
The good news is that the condition can be treated, especially when treated at an early stage. Mild cases need medications, while advanced cases will require surgery.
Medications
For superficial ulcers, medications are often enough to treat the problem. Specific prescriptions will depend on the current condition of your cat. Generally, these will include antibiotics, pain relievers, and anti-inflammatories.
Oral medications will be needed for systemic causes, while pain medications and atropine drops can also be administered to provide relief and comfort.
Surgical Correction
When deep ulcers are involved, surgery may be necessary. Here, there will be several methods involved.
Corneal Debridement. A corneal debridement involves removing the dead tissue from the cornea's surface. This will promote healing and recovery.
Conjunctival Graft. A conjunctival graft uses tissue from the cat’s own inner eyelid to cover and protect a deep or infected corneal ulcer. This graft supplies blood and structural support to the cornea, speeding up the healing process.
Superficial Keratectomy. While corneal debridement involves removing the dead tissues, a superficial keratectomy will involve removing that and a couple more damaged layers. It’s generally used for chronic or non-healing ulcers, especially when scar tissue is involved.
Aftercare will generally involve pain medications, lifestyle changes, and the use of an Elizabethan collar to avoid eye scratching.
How to Prevent Corneal Ulcers in Cats?
You won’t be able to prevent corneal ulcers in your cat entirely, but there are some smart ways to reduce the risk.
Schedule Regular Eye Checks
When our vets check on your cat's eyes, we can identify potential problems before they turn into serious conditions. These wellness exams help secure your cat's eye health and allow us to provide recommendations for home care.
Protect Your Cat’s Eyes
Eye trauma is the leading cause of corneal ulcers in cats, which means that protecting their eyes is a must. Always supervise your cat when going outside. Plus, it's best to avoid dangerous areas such as bushy places and unclean spaces.
Store Chemicals Away Safely
Always keep your cat away from toxic chemicals. Start by choosing a dedicated space for household chemicals. Next, secure it in a way that your cat won't be able to access it.
Clean Your Cat’s Eyes
We recommend checking your cat's eyes weekly to look for possible debris, discharge, or dirt. When there's any present, wipe it away with a soft, damp cloth. Do this slowly.
“Your cat’s eyes are delicate, and keeping them safe is one of the many ways we can show our love.”
- Dr. Nenad Misura
Final Thoughts
Corneal ulcers in cats are painful, severe eye conditions that can hinder vision and disrupt routines. Fortunately, these sores can be treated and managed relatively easily, especially with early detection.
With the right knowledge, you can ensure that your cat gets the care it needs to stay safe and comfortable with perfectly clear vision.
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