When your dog starts coughing, it can be alarming. While there are several possible causes, one of the most common is kennel cough. It’s a highly contagious respiratory condition that affects dogs of all ages.
You might have heard the term Bordetella used instead of kennel cough. While Bordetella bronchiseptica is one of the key bacteria associated with the illness, kennel cough is actually caused by a combination of bacteria and viruses.
Let’s break down what you need to know, what symptoms to watch for, and how you can help your dog recover and stay protected.
What Is Kennel Cough in Dogs, and How Does It Spread?
Kennel cough is also known as canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC). As mentioned earlier, it is a contagious respiratory infection that can affect all dogs. You can compare it to a human cold. It’s mild in lots of cases, but it is still uncomfortable and can easily spread.
It’s commonly transmitted in places where dogs gather, such as kennels, dog parks, daycares, and grooming salons
Causes of Kennel Cough in Dogs
Kennel cough isn’t caused by just one bug. It’s a tag team of viruses and bacteria that gang up on your dog’s respiratory system.
Here are the main causes:
Bordetella bronchiseptica – A bacteria that damages the lining of the respiratory tract, leading to a dry, hacking cough.
Canine parainfluenza virus – A virus that weakens immune defenses, making it easier for bacteria to cause infection.
Canine adenovirus type 2 – Causes inflammation in the respiratory tract, producing cough and eye discharge.
Canine coronavirus (respiratory) – Contributes to mild respiratory signs when combined with other pathogens.
Sometimes, one infection is enough to trigger symptoms. At other times, it’s a combination that makes recovery even more complicated.
What Happens Inside the Body?
Once inhaled, the viruses and bacteria infect the lining of the trachea and bronchi. They damage the tiny hair-like structures called cilia, which normally help clear mucus and debris. This breakdown causes inflammation and irritation, which triggers the characteristic coughing.
Incubation period: 2–14 days after exposure
Contagious period: Dogs can continue shedding the virus for up to 3 weeks, even after issues resolve
How Can Dogs Catch Kennel Cough?
Kennel cough spreads rapidly in environments where dogs can come into close contact with other animals. Some other routes of transmission include:
Direct Contact
Dogs can easily transmit kennel cough through interactions like licking, sniffing, or playing together.
Sneezing or Coughing
The sick dog can pass on the infection to healthy dogs simply by sneezing or coughing. The tiny droplets that come flying out of an infected dog's nose or mouth contain kennel cough viruses or bacteria. These droplets disperse in the surrounding air and can stay up to 30 minutes.
Shared Items
An infected dog sharing items, such as bowls, leashes, toys, grooming tools, or bedding, with other dogs can quickly spread kennel cough.
Poor Ventilation
Enclosed areas with poor ventilation can facilitate the rapid spread of kennel cough infection. These places can be kennels, daycares, grooming salons, or even your home if you’re caring for multiple dogs.
Recognizing Symptoms of Kennel Cough
The kennel cough vaccine offers partial protection, often reducing the severity if your dog still gets infected. Fortunately, the symptoms in vaccinated dogs are usually less severe compared to unvaccinated dogs.
Even with vaccination, it’s vital that you know, as a dog owner, about the symptoms of kennel cough. This can help you decide if you need to bring your dog to the vet clinic.
Mild, Persistent Cough
A dog with kennel cough will exhibit a dry, honking cough. However, it tends to be milder and less frequent in vaccinated dogs. You might notice it more after they exercise, get excited, or pull on the leash.
Occasional Gagging
After coughing, your dog may gag or retch, almost like they are trying to clear something from their throat. This can be alarming, but it’s a common symptom of kennel cough and is usually not a cause for concern.
Runny Nose
A slight nasal discharge may appear, but it’s often clear and not too noticeable. Vaccinated dogs against kennel cough usually do not experience a severe runny nose or mucus. Unvaccinated dogs may have these symptoms.
Slight Fatigue
Many vaccinated dogs stay active. However, some may feel more tired than usual if they get kennel cough. They might take longer naps or seem less energetic during playtime. It’s not extreme lethargy, but you may notice your dog needs more rest.
Sneezing
Some dogs may sneeze occasionally, especially in the early stages of kennel cough. It’s not constant, but it could be a sign that their body is trying to fight off the infection.
Vaccinated vs. Unvaccinated Dogs: What’s the Difference?
Getting your dog vaccinated for kennel cough doesn’t guarantee full protection, but it can make a big difference in how sick they get. Think of it like a shield. It might not block every blow, but it softens the hit.
So, what changes if your dog’s had the vaccine? Here's a quick side-by-side to help paint the picture:
Symptom | Vaccinated Dog | Unvaccinated Dog |
Cough | Mild, dry, occasional; triggered by activity | Persistent, honking, frequent |
Gagging or Retching | Infrequent, mild | More frequent and intense |
Sneezing | Rare or brief | More frequent and may accompany nasal discharge |
Runny Nose | Clear and subtle | Thick discharge; possible yellow/green mucus |
Fatigue | Slightly more tired than usual | Noticeable lethargy; less playful or active |
Appetite | Normal | May be reduced due to discomfort |
Fever | Rare | More likely, especially with complications |
Recovery Time | 5-10 days | 10-21 days or longer if untreated |
Potential Complications and When to Worry
Most cases are mild and resolve within one to three weeks. However, puppies, senior dogs, or those with underlying health conditions are at higher risk of complications like:
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Chronic cough
Secondary infections
How Do Veterinarians Diagnose Kennel Cough?
At Noble Vet Clinics, we rely on a combination of clinical observations and diagnostic tools to pinpoint the cause of your dog’s symptoms:
Physical Examination
We begin with a hands-on exam, checking for the classic signs of kennel cough, especially the telltale “honking” cough. You’ll also be asked about your dog’s recent activities and environment, including:
Visits to boarding facilities, groomers, or dog parks
Any contact with other dogs
Onset and frequency of symptoms at home
Auscultation
We use a stethoscope to listen to your dog's chest and airways. We will check for signs of abnormal breathing, fluid buildup, or wheezing. These clues help distinguish between mild kennel cough and more serious issues, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.
Chest X-rays
If the cough is persistent, worsening, or accompanied by other red flags (fever, lethargy, loss of appetite), chest X-rays may be recommended. This helps detect:
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Collapsed trachea
Tumors or chronic lung disease
Senior dogs or those with compromised immune systems are more likely to require imaging.
Throat Swabs & Bacterial Culture
A throat or nasal swab may be collected to check for bacteria like Bordetella bronchiseptica. The sample is grown in a laboratory to confirm the presence of bacteria. This helps guide the use of antibiotics.
PCR Testing (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
PCR tests are often used to identify viral or bacterial DNA in respiratory samples quickly. This method is highly sensitive and can pinpoint multiple pathogens (like parainfluenza virus or canine adenovirus) in one go.
We may ask for more tests if your dog’s kennel cough has gotten worse. This depends on the severity of the condition and the results of the initial tests.
Differential Diagnosis: Is It Kennel Cough or Something Else?
Kennel cough symptoms can resemble those of several other respiratory illnesses. Our job as veterinarians is to rule out more serious or contagious conditions, including:
Canine influenza (dog flu) - Usually presents with higher fever and more lethargy
Chronic bronchitis - Longer-lasting and more inflammatory in nature
Collapsing trachea - A structural problem seen in small breeds, often confused with kennel cough
Heart disease - May also cause coughing, especially in older dogs.
How Do You Treat Kennel Cough in Dogs?
When it comes to treating kennel cough, the goal isn’t to fight it with force. It’s to help your dog ride it out with care.
For most mild cases, rest is the best medicine. That means no rough play, no long walks, and definitely no visits to busy dog parks. Just let your dog take it easy while their body does the healing. Most pups start feeling better in 2 to 3 weeks, though some might take a little longer to bounce back.
Still, it’s important to keep an eye out. If your dog’s breathing seems labored, if they stop eating, or if that tiredness starts dragging on, that’s your cue to call the vet.
In tougher cases, we may step in with vet-approved cough suppressants. These don’t cure the infection, but they do make life more comfortable, especially if your dog can’t sleep or eat from all the hacking. If bacteria are involved, antibiotics might be needed too.
And throughout it all, we monitor closely. That’s especially crucial for puppies, seniors, or dogs with existing health problems. The last thing you want is a simple cough turning into something more serious.
Home Remedies to Help Dogs With Kennel Cough
The care you provide your dog at home while they have kennel cough will significantly impact the success of their recovery. Here are some ways to help your dog with kennel cough.
Let them rest. Whether it’s the Dubai heat or chilled AC indoors, too much activity can make things worse. Skip the beach, keep it calm and cool.
Moisturize the air. A humidifier near your dog’s bed can ease breathing. No device? Try wet towels or a bowl of water near the AC vent.
Steam helps. Let your pup sit in a steamy bathroom for 10 minutes. It soothes the airways.
Hydration is key. Offer cool, fresh water often. Add low-sodium broth if they’re not drinking enough, especially important in our dry UAE climate.
Feed light, nutritious meals. Illness and heat dull appetites. Think boiled chicken, rice, or vet-approved wet food.
Ditch the collar. Use a harness during walks, morning or evening strolls are better in the UAE, and you don’t want pressure on a sore throat.
Watch the air. Skip incense, perfumes, or harsh cleaners. Poor ventilation in small flats can worsen coughing.
Kennel Cough Vaccination: What You Need to Know
Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to protect your dog from kennel cough, especially if they spend time around other dogs at parks, daycares, or boarding facilities.
There are three types of kennel cough vaccines, each with its own benefits:
Intranasal - This is sprayed into your dog’s nose and offers protection within 3-5 days. It’s a great option if quick immunity is needed.
Injectable - Administered through a shot. It takes longer to build immunity, but it is often used for dogs who dislike nasal sprays.
Oral - A newer option that’s becoming popular for its ease of use, especially in dogs who are anxious during vet visits.
How Often Do Dogs Need Boosters?
For most dogs, the kennel cough vaccine is given once a year. However, if your dog frequently socializes with others or is boarded often, your veterinarian may recommend a booster every six months.
Does It Always Work?
While no vaccine can offer 100% protection, the kennel cough vaccine significantly reduces your dog’s chances of getting sick. And if they do catch it, the symptoms are usually much milder and shorter in duration.
Are There Side Effects?
Most dogs handle the vaccine very well. Some may experience:
Mild sneezing
Slight nasal discharge
A bit of lethargy for a day or two
These side effects are usually temporary and should not be a cause for concern.
Preventing Kennel Cough in Dogs
Even though kennel cough spreads easily, there are simple steps you can take to help protect your dog:
Vaccinate your dog regularly, especially if they socialize often or visit grooming salons, daycares, or boarding facilities.
Avoid contact with sick dogs, particularly those showing signs like coughing or sneezing.
Stay away from high-traffic dog areas (e.g., parks, salons, daycares) during known outbreaks in your community.
Choose boarding and daycare facilities carefully. Look for places with strong hygiene practices, proper cleaning routines, and good air ventilation.
Isolate your dog if they develops symptoms of kennel cough to prevent spreading it to others.
Support your dog’s immune system through balanced nutrition, regular exercise, and low-stress environments.
“Kennel cough may sound dramatic, but most dogs bounce back with rest, clean air, and a little patience. Don’t rush the process. Just be there.”
- Dr. Soheyl Simaei
Final Thoughts
Kennel cough might sound alarming, but most dogs bounce back quickly with the proper care, rest, and a little patience. Staying up to date on vaccinations, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding high-risk environments during outbreaks can go a long way in keeping your dog protected.
If you notice your dog coughing or showing any signs of illness, it’s always best to reach out to your vet for guidance. Early care makes recovery smoother and keeps other dogs safe as well.
Frequently Asked Questions
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