Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira species. These bacteria are spiral-shaped and love moist environments. They are often found in water, soil, and the urine of infected animals.
The disease they cause is often referred to as lepto in dogs and can lead to severe illness and organ damage. The infection can spread through the bloodstream and target major organs such as the liver and kidneys.
It affects dogs of all ages, breeds, and lifestyles, but especially those with frequent outdoor exposure.
Because of its nature, leptospirosis is a common incidence in humid or flood-prone environments, where contaminated water, soil, and urine can be easily spread. It’s also zoonotic, meaning even pet owners are at risk.
Fortunately, canine leptospirosis can be effectively managed and prevented with the right care.
How Do Dogs Get Leptospirosis?
The bacteria are usually transmitted through direct and indirect contact with these substances. Now that we know that the Leptospira species can be found in contaminated water, soil, and urine, we need to understand how dogs get them.
Dogs are naturally curious, which means that they will most likely sniff and lick anything they find interesting. The downside is that they might unknowingly get the bacteria from infected sources. Dogs can get infected with lepto in these ways:
Drinking or swimming in contaminated water. Dogs that drink or swim in contaminated water, especially in flood-prone areas, are at a higher risk of contracting canine leptospirosis.
Exposure to infected animals. The bacteria can be shed in the urine. When dogs come into contact with these surfaces, they can get infected.
Through cuts and mucous membranes. Open cuts and mucous membranes such as the nose, eyes, and mouth can also serve as openings for the bacteria to enter.
Is Leptospirosis in Dogs Contagious?
Yes, lepto in dogs is highly contagious. It’s a serious public concern that must be given attention, especially since it can also affect humans. The risk is also generally higher in shared spaces such as boarding facilities, shelters, and multi-dog households.
Common Leptospirosis Symptoms in Dogs
The signs of lepto in dogs can be different in each case. Here are the common ones:
Lethargy and Weakness. Your dog may seem unusually tired or weak, preferring to rest and lie down rather than play.
Fever. You might notice an increase in temperature, as they are particularly warm to the touch, especially on the belly and ears.
Loss of Appetite. Another sign is the loss of appetite. Dogs affected by lepto will be less inclined to eat, even with their favorite treats.
Vomiting and Diarrhea. These symptoms are often a sign of gastrointestinal upset. They can sometimes have blood with them. These can also lead to dehydration.
Increased Thirst and Urination. These are common signs of kidney failure in dogs. Your dog might be drinking too much while also relieving themselves more frequently.
Jaundice. Jaundice can be seen as a yellowish tint on the dog’s eyes, gums, and skin. It often indicates liver damage.
Abdominal Pain. Dogs may guard their belly and let out a cry when touched. They also assume a hunched posture.
Difficulty Breathing. If leptospirosis spreads to the lungs, dogs will experience labored breathing and respiratory distress.
Complications of Leptospirosis in Dogs
If left untreated, canine leptospirosis can result in some severe health concerns. Many of these can severely impact a dog’s health and can sometimes be life-threatening.
One of the most common complications is kidney disease. As the bacteria spread across the body, they multiply and inflict damage on the kidneys. This can impact renal function and lead to toxin buildup in the blood.
Liver disease is also another possible complication. It happens when the bacteria settle on the liver, leading to long-term digestive issues and immune dysfunction.
Other complications include respiratory difficulties, bleeding disorders, and eye inflammation.
How Do Vets Diagnose Leptospirosis in Dogs?
It can be tricky to diagnose lepto in dogs, especially since the symptoms are similar to other conditions. Other symptoms can also come from the additional complications caused by this bacterial infection.
We will start by reviewing your dog’s symptoms, lifestyle, and living conditions. Your dog’s medical history will also be studied, as well as any observations you can provide.
Laboratory tests, such as bloodwork and urinalysis, can help assess your dog’s organ function, particularly the kidneys, and its overall health. We can do a polymerase chain reaction test. This test detects the genetic material of the Leptospira bacteria in the blood or urine.
Our vets can also perform a microscopic agglutination test. This measures the antibodies against the bacteria in the blood. The higher the titer, the more antibodies are present, suggesting a stronger immune response.
Other tests, such as diagnostic imaging tests, can also be used to assess the lungs and other organs.
How Is Leptospirosis in Dogs Treated?
Prompt and aggressive treatment is essential for a dog diagnosed with leptospirosis. Here’s what treatment usually involves:
Antibiotics
For leptospirosis in dogs, doxycycline is the preferred antibiotic. These are taken orally and help eliminate bacteria and stop their spread. The course of medication typically takes 2 to 4 weeks. At home, be sure to follow the full schedule for the medicine.
Supportive Care
Many dogs affected by leptospirosis will often require hospitalization, especially if they show signs of organ damage. These may include:
Fluid Therapy. This method helps correct dehydration and flush out toxins from the kidneys. For severe cases, this may take a few days.
Oxygen Therapy. For dogs who develop respiratory distress, they will be placed in an oxygen cage.
Organ Support. To support organ function, particularly those of the liver and kidneys, supplements and medications will be prescribed.
Nutritional Support. Providing dogs with easily digestible foods such as boiled chicken, rice, and other recovery diets helps with the treatment.
Prognosis and Recovery for Leptospirosis in Dogs
The prognosis for dogs with lepto is generally good, provided that the disease has been caught early. However, dogs with severe cases may need long-term management due to organ damage. Some dogs may experience lasting kidney and liver issues.
Most dogs spend about 1 to 2 weeks in hospitalization and supportive care, but this can vary. Once they get better, further treatment and medication are recommended at home.
The Importance of the Leptospirosis Vaccine for Dogs
One of the most effective ways to protect your dog from this deadly disease is through routine vaccination. It’s a safe and effective way to reduce the risk of infection, especially if your dog is in a high-risk area.
The vaccine works by stimulating your dog’s immune system to develop antibodies that fight against the Leptospira bacteria. It does this by using a deactivated virus to allow the body to recognize the pathogen. Once the real threat appears, the immune system acts.
Due to medical advancements, most leptospirosis vaccines are quadrivalent, which means they protect dogs from four major strains. The vaccine is also included in the DHLPP vaccine.
Vet Tips: How to Prevent Leptospirosis in Dogs
While the leptospirosis vaccine is the main way to protect your dog from this disease, there are other ways to keep your dog safe as well.
Keep your dog away from contaminated water
Don’t allow your dog to drink or touch water from puddles, ponds, and other related places. Supervise them whenever you go outside. While not all water is contaminated, it’s better to be safe.
Clean your dog and your home
Be sure to regularly bathe your dog, especially after outdoor play in moist and warm environments. Sanitize their water bowls, bedding, and pillows. Be sure to wash your hands as well.
Schedule regular checkups
Visit the clinic for your dog’s routine checkups. Our experts can help catch early signs of kidney or liver strain, even if symptoms aren’t obvious. We can also look out for any potential health issues.
“Leptospirosis is silent and serious, but preventable. Take the extra steps to protect your dog.”
- Dr. Lidija Krvavac
Final Thoughts
Canine leptospirosis is a serious disease that requires your full attention. The key to protecting your dog is awareness. If you live in a high-risk area, be sure to have your dog vaccinated against lepto. Protecting your dog from this disease also means protecting yourself.
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