Pyometra is a life-threatening condition that can affect unspayed female dogs and cats. It happens when the uterus becomes infected and fills with pus. The primary reasons for this disease are bacterial infections and hormonal imbalances. 

Pyometra is most common in middle-aged and senior female pets. However, even younger cats and dogs can develop this condition if they experience multiple heat cycles.

In this article, we’ll break down everything you need to know about pyometra in dogs and cats. Knowing the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures can help you make proactive steps to protect your companion.

What Is Pyometra and Why Does It Happen?

Pyometra develops during or after a pet’s heat cycle. When the progesterone hormone prepares the uterus for pregnancy, it also creates the perfect environment for bacterial growth if the pet doesn’t get pregnant. Bacteria, such as E.coli, can travel from the vagina to the uterus, causing infection.

It would be difficult for the pet’s body to fight off the infection because hormonal changes suppress the natural immune response of the uterus. Inflammation and severe illness will occur as pus builds up in the uterus over time.

Types of Pyometra

Pyometra can be categorized into two main forms: open and closed. They have differences in how the disease happens and its severity.

Open Pyometra

• The cervix stays open, allowing pus and discharge to exit through the vaginal canal.

• Signs of open pyometra include foul-smelling discharge, weakness, and decreased appetite.

• Open pyometra is less severe than closed pyometra since the infection can drain.

Closed Pyometra

• The cervix is sealed, trapping the pus and bacteria inside the uterus.

• This form is more dangerous because toxins can rapidly build up in the bloodstream.

• Symptoms will often suddenly appear, which may lead to serious complications like sepsis.

Risk Factors for Pyometra

Certain factors can increase the possibility of a cat or dog developing pyometra. One of the most common reasons would be age and heat cycles. Older pets and those with repeated heat cycles that don’t get to mate are at higher risk.

Some breeds are also more vulnerable compared to others. In dogs, Rottweilers and Bernese Mountain Dogs can develop the disease more easily. In cats, Sphynx and Siamese cats are highly susceptible.

Medications used for hormonal treatments can suppress heat cycles and increase hormonal imbalances, which is one of the reasons for pyometra. Pets with weakened immune systems also play a big role in worsening pyometra since they won’t be able to fend off infections.

Pyometra Signs and Symptoms

Open and closed pyometra have different signs, but they also share general symptoms that every pet owner must watch out for.

General Symptoms

• Weakness or lethargy

• Loss of appetite

• Diarrhea or vomiting

• Increased urination and thirst

• Fever in early stages, then hypothermia in advanced cases

• Withdrawal from social interaction

Signs of Open Pyometra

• Yellowish or reddish-brown discharge with a foul odor

• Excessive licking of the genital area

• Staining around the tail or their bedding

Signs of Closed Pyometra

• Bloating or abdominal swelling

• Severe lethargy and weakness

• Painful, distended abdomen

• Difficulty walking or standing

• Collapse from septic shock

If you notice these signs, you must seek veterinary care immediately. You can bring your pet to emergency vet clinics or call 24-hour vets for urgent assistance. When pyometra is left untreated or if your pet’s condition worsens, it may quickly become fatal.

How Veterinarians Diagnose Pyometra

Once you bring your pet to the pet clinic, your vet will immediately conduct a physical exam and review your pet’s medical history, including the recent heat cycles. The vet will then recommend blood tests to detect infections, often through an elevated white blood cell count, and check the kidney function.

The vet may also perform diagnostic imaging to diagnose pyometra. An ultrasound can confirm the presence of fluid in the uterus. X-rays can detect an enlarged uterus, although they are less precise than ultrasound.

Pyometra Treatment Options

Once the veterinarian has confirmed that your cat or dog has pyometra, urgent treatment will be given to save your pet’s life.

Ovariohysterectomy or Spaying

The most effective solution to treat pyometra is completely removing the infected uterus with surgery. Closed pyometra cases are dangerous and require extra care because the uterus can rupture during surgery, leading to more serious complications.

After the surgery, your vet will prescribe antibiotics, pain management, and regular monitoring to make sure your pet recovers successfully.

Medical Management

For breeding animals, antibiotics and medications may be used to expel the fluids that are infected in the uterus. However, this is not considered a long-term solution. Pyometra can reoccur even after a successful treatment plan.

Recovery and Post-Surgical Care

After the surgery, your pet will need a quiet environment and close attention. Make sure to administer all the medications your vet prescribed as directed. You may also need to find a way to restrict physical activity during recovery, especially jumping and running.

You must also watch out for signs of infection, such as swelling or redness near the surgical incision. And lastly, don’t forget to bring your pet to the clinic for follow-up consultations so your vet can check the wound and how it’s healing.

Why Spaying Is the Best Prevention

Spaying your pet is the most effective way to prevent pyometra. This procedure eliminates the risk entirely because this surgery involves the removal of the ovaries and uterus. 

Veterinarians often recommend spaying for pets that are not intended to be bred. This can also be done as early as six months old, protecting pets early from pyometra.

Conclusion

Pyometra is a severe and often fatal condition that needs immediate treatment. The best way to protect your pet is by spaying them, which not only prevents pyometra but also has long-term benefits for your cat or dog.

Monitor your pet for any symptoms of illness, and don’t hesitate to contact your veterinarians if you suspect your dog or cat has pyometra. Remember, early detection can save your pet’s life.