When we think of strokes, we often associate them with humans. But did you know that dogs can have strokes, too? While strokes in dogs are less common than in people, they can happen suddenly.

A stroke occurs in dogs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted. This can be caused by a blockage or a ruptured blood vessel. The lack of blood supply can cause neurological symptoms, such as sudden loss of balance, lethargy, or difficulty walking. While strokes can be alarming, the good news is that many dogs recover well with proper treatment and care.

With that said, let’s learn all about strokes in dogs.

Types of Strokes in Dogs

There are two main types of strokes in dogs, both of which can cause serious health issues:

1. Ischemic Stroke

An ischemic stroke in dogs happens when a blood clot or other obstruction blocks the blood flow to the brain. This is the most common type of stroke in dogs. Because ischemic strokes often come on suddenly, pet owners may notice immediate changes in their dog’s behavior or mobility. 

The blockage may be caused by:

• Blood clots.

• Tumors pressing on blood vessels.

• High blood pressure.

• Heart disease.

• Kidney disease.

2. Hemorrhagic Stroke

A hemorrhagic stroke in dogs happens when a blood vessel in the dog’s brain bursts, causing internal bleeding. This type of stroke in dogs tends to be more severe than ischemic strokes, as the bleeding can put pressure on the brain, worsening symptoms. 

This can happen due to:

• Head trauma.

• High blood pressure.

• Blood clotting disorders.

• Ruptured tumors on the brain.

What Causes Strokes in Dogs?

Strokes in dogs don’t happen randomly. They are usually linked to an existing health condition that negatively impacts blood flow to the brain. While strokes in dogs can happen to any pup, certain risk factors increase the likelihood of it happening.

Here are the causes of stroke in dogs:

• Heart Disease. Congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and heartworm disease can increase the risk of clot formation. This can result in an ischemic stroke in dogs.
  
  

• Kidney Disease. When a dog has kidney disease, their blood pressure can become dangerously high, increasing the risk of a ruptured blood vessel in the dog’s brain. Poor kidney function also leads to imbalances in electrolytes and blood flow, making strokes more likely.
  
  

• Cushing’s Disease. Cushing’s disease is a hormonal disorder that results in too much cortisol production, which can lead to high blood pressure, blood clot formation, and vascular problems. 
  
  

• Diabetes. Diabetes in dogs affects how their body regulates sugar and metabolism, but it also impacts circulation and blood vessel health. Over time, diabetes can cause vascular damage, making it easier for blood clots to form or blood vessels to weaken and rupture.
  
  

• Hypothyroidism. An underactive thyroid, or hypothyroidism, slows down metabolism and can contribute to poor circulation, high cholesterol, and vascular issues. These factors can increase the dog’s risk of blood clots, which may lead to an ischemic stroke if they travel to the brain.
  
  

• Brain Tumors. Tumors in or near the brain can compress blood vessels, disrupt blood flow, and even cause bleeding, leading to a stroke. Some brain tumors grow slowly and cause gradual neurological symptoms, while others can cause sudden issues if they rupture.
  
  

• High Blood Pressure. Chronic high blood pressure is one of the leading risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes in dogs. When blood pressure remains elevated for too long, it puts stress on blood vessels, making them more likely to rupture. 
  
  

• Head Trauma. A severe head injury can cause internal bleeding in the brain, causing a hemorrhagic stroke. Trauma from falls, car accidents, or rough play can result in damaged blood vessels, which may trigger a stroke either immediately or over time as swelling develops.
  
  

• Clotting Disorders. Some dogs suffer from inherited or acquired clotting disorders, meaning their blood doesn’t clot properly. In some cases, this leads to uncontrolled bleeding in the brain, while in others, it may cause abnormal blood clot formation that blocks circulation to the brain. 
  
  

• Toxicity. Exposure to certain toxins, especially rat poison, can lead to severe bleeding disorders that increase the risk of hemorrhagic strokes. Certain medications can also increase stroke risk in dogs by affecting blood pressure and circulation.
  
  

• Old Age. Senior dogs are more susceptible to strokes due to age-related health conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, and hypertension. 
  
  

• Breed Predisposition. Certain dog breeds are more prone to strokes due to genetic factors affecting their blood pressure, clotting ability, or overall vascular health. These include Greyhounds, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, and Miniature Schnauzers.

Symptoms of a Stroke in Dogs

A stroke can happen suddenly, and the symptoms may appear out of nowhere. The faster you notice the signs, the better the chances of minimizing damage and improving recovery.

Here are the common signs of a stroke in dogs:

• Loss of Balance or Coordination. Dogs having a stroke may suddenly become wobbly, stumble, or even collapse. They might struggle to stand up or walk in a straight line, appearing confused or unsteady.
  
  

• Head Tilt. A persistent head tilt to one side is a classic sign of a stroke. Your dog may seem unable to hold their head level and might struggle to keep their balance.
  
  

• Circling or Pacing. If your dog walks in circles repeatedly or seems unable to walk in a straight direction, it could be due to brain dysfunction caused by a stroke. Some dogs also pace aimlessly, unable to control their movements.
  
  

• Abnormal Eye Movements. Rapid, uncontrolled eye movements can indicate a stroke. Some dogs may also have unequal pupil sizes or difficulty focusing.
  
  

• Weakness or Paralysis on One Side. A dog experiencing a stroke may suddenly lose strength in one side of their body, causing them to drag a limb or struggle to move. In severe cases, one side of the face or body may become completely paralyzed.
  
  

• Seizures. A stroke can trigger seizures, especially if there is significant brain damage. These seizures may involve uncontrolled shaking, twitching, or loss of consciousness.
  
  

• Sudden Blindness. Dogs experiencing a stroke may lose vision in one or both eyes. If your dog is bumping into furniture or seems disoriented, they may have suffered vision loss due to reduced blood flow to its brain.
  
  

• Behavioral Changes. A stroke can cause sudden confusion, disorientation, or unresponsiveness. Some dogs may seem withdrawn, act fearful, or fail to recognize familiar people or surroundings. Others may have difficulty responding to commands they previously understood.

How is Stroke in Dogs Diagnosed?

Diagnosing a stroke in dogs can be challenging because the symptoms mimic other neurological conditions like seizures or brain tumors. 

Here are the methods we use to diagnose stroke in dogs:

• Vet Exam. The process starts with a thorough physical and neurological examination. We will assess your dog’s reflexes, coordination, and muscle strength to look for signs of neurological dysfunction. Any significant symptoms will be noted down.

  
  

• Blood Tests and Urinalysis. Through lab tests, our vets will check for high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney disease, or blood clotting disorders. This can be achieved with a few blood tests. Additionally, a urinalysis may be done to check for infections, toxins, or kidney-related issues that could have contributed to the stroke.

  
  

• Advanced Imaging Tests. We often recommend advanced imaging techniques like MRIs or CT scans to identify areas of tissue damage, blood clots, or bleeding. An MRI is the gold standard for stroke diagnosis as it offers the most precise view of brain abnormalities.

  
  

• Other Tests. Along with these techniques, other tests, such as blood pressure testing and blood clotting analyses, can help diagnose strokes in dogs.

Treating Strokes in Dogs

Treating a stroke in dogs focuses on stabilizing the dog, managing symptoms, addressing the underlying health issue, and supporting long-term recovery. 

Dogs who have experienced a stroke will need emergency care and hospitalization. During this time, they will be constantly monitored and given supportive care to help stabilize their condition. Oxygen therapy will be given if breathing is affected, and intravenous fluids will be provided to help maintain hydration and blood circulation.

Depending on the cause of your dog’s stroke, appropriate medication may be given to reduce the risk of further complications. These can include anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-clotting medicines, and other medications suited to treat the underlying cause.

Additionally, physical therapy helps improve strength, coordination, and mobility. Simple exercises like assisted walking, balance training, and hydrotherapy can help a dog regain movement.

Recovery after a stroke varies from dog to dog, depending on its condition and how quickly treatment began. Some dogs recover within a few weeks, while others may need long-term care and rehabilitation.

How to Reduce Your Dog’s Risk of Strokes?

While not all strokes can be prevented, keeping your dog healthy and managing underlying conditions can lower the risk. Here are some simple ways to help protect your dog from a stroke:

1. Vet Checkups. Routine vet visits help catch health problems early, especially conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes, which can increase stroke risk. Regular blood tests, blood pressure checks, and overall health monitoring can make a big difference.

   
   

2. Feed a Healthy Diet. A balanced diet helps support heart and brain health. Choose lean proteins for muscle development and heart function. Healthy fats can also be good for blood circulation. Avoid high-sodium and processed foods as these can lead to weight issues and other problems.

   
   

3. Keep Your Dog Active. Regular exercise helps your dog maintain a good weight, regulate its blood pressure, and improve circulation. Daily walks, light play, or swimming can keep your dog’s heart and body strong. Adjust the activity level based on their age and condition.

Our dogs trust us with their whole hearts. Protecting their health is the greatest gift we can give them.

- Dr. Paulina Czerska

Conclusion

Strokes in dogs are caused by a lot of health issues, like high blood pressure, head injury, and clotting disorders. You might notice a few signs related to the underlying health issue or specific symptoms such as loss of coordination, circling, and seizures.

While these can’t always be prevented, being informed and proactive gives your dog the best shot at a long, healthy, and happy life. It just takes a few steps.