Anemia in dogs is a medical condition where the amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin is lower than the normal amount. Since red blood cells and hemoglobin are responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues throughout the dog’s body, anemia can lead to a lot of health issues.

This condition is not a disease in itself but a symptom of an underlying issue. It can develop suddenly or develop as time passes by, depending on the cause. Generally, anemia in dogs is a serious concern because it can affect your pet’s energy levels, immune system, and overall well-being.

Types of Anemia in Dogs

Anemia in dogs can be classified into two main types based on how the body responds to the condition. These are namely regenerative and non-regenerative anemia.

Regenerative Anemia

Regenerative anemia in dogs happens when their bodies recognize a deficiency in red blood cells and attempt to compensate by producing more. This means the bone marrow is actively working to replenish the lost cells. 

While this response is a good sign, it also indicates that the body is losing red blood cells much faster than it can replace them. This can happen for several reasons:

• Blood Loss

Trauma, surgery, gastrointestinal ulcers, or parasites such as fleas, ticks, or hookworms can result in significant blood loss.

• Destruction of Red Blood Cells

Conditions like immune-mediated hemolytic anemia cause the immune system to attack and destroy your dog’s red blood cells prematurely.

Non-Regenerative Anemia

Non-regenerative anemia occurs when the bone marrow can’t create enough red blood cells to meet the body’s needs. This type of anemia in dogs usually points to a health condition that affects the bone marrow or other systems responsible for red blood cell production. 

Here are the causes of non-regenerative anemia in dogs:

• Chronic Diseases

Kidney disease, cancer, or hypothyroidism can impair red blood cell production.

• Nutritional Deficiencies

A lack of nutrients your dog needs, such as iron, vitamin B12, or vitamin B9, can lead to anemia.

• Bone Marrow Disorders

Diseases like leukemia or exposure to certain toxins can directly affect the bone marrow’s ability to function.

Symptoms of Anemia in Dogs

Since anemia in dogs reduces the amount of oxygen available to the body’s tissues, the signs often reflect a lack of energy. While some symptoms are more obvious, others may be subtle and easy to overlook. 

Pale Gums

One of the most noticeable signs of anemia in dogs is pale or whitish gums. Healthy gums are typically a pink color, so any deviation from this can be a strong indicator of anemia in dogs.

Lethargy and Weakness

Dogs with anemia often have significantly less energy. They may appear unusually tired, sleep more, or lack the stamina for activities they normally enjoy, such as walks or playtime. Weakness may also cause your dog to stumble at times or have difficulty walking, even around the house.

Rapid Breathing 

An anemic dog may breathe faster or exhibit a rapid heart rate as the body tries to compensate for the reduced oxygen supply. This symptom is especially common during physical activity, even in short stints of exercise.

Dark-Colored Urine

In cases of hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells are destroyed within the body, you might notice dark-colored urine. This occurs because the byproducts of broken-down red blood cells are excreted through the kidneys.

Loss of Appetite and Weight Loss

Anemic dogs may show a reduced interest in food. Appetite loss can be related to the underlying condition causing the anemia. As this symptom persists, weight loss can happen as a result.

Jaundice

If the cause of anemia in dogs is red blood cell breakdown, bilirubin can build up in the blood. This leads to a yellowish color on the skin, eyes, or gums. Jaundice is a sign of severe anemia in dogs, which requires emergency care.

Diagnosing Anemia in Dogs

Diagnosing anemia in dogs includes physical examinations and laboratory tests. Here are the steps we take to diagnose anemia in dogs:

Physical Examination

Our vets will begin with a detailed physical exam. We’ll start checking for signs such as pale gums, jaundice, or an increased heart rate. Your dog’s medical history, dietary habits, and exposure to toxins in the environment will be factors that will be taken into account.

Complete Blood Count

A complete blood count is one of the most used tests used to diagnose anemia in dogs. The CBC measures these values:

• Red Blood Cell Count

• Hemoglobin Levels

• Hematocrit

• Platelet Count

The results from this blood test will determine if your dog has anemia.

Reticulocyte Count

This test evaluates the bone marrow’s red blood cell production. A high reticulocyte count indicates regenerative anemia, meaning the body is attempting to compensate for red blood cell loss. A low count points to non-regenerative anemia.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

In cases of non-regenerative anemia or when the cause is unclear, a bone marrow biopsy may be performed. This test provides insight into the bone marrow’s ability to produce red blood cells and may reveal conditions like leukemia.

Additional Tests

Depending on the suspected cause of anemia, we may use additional tests such as a urinalysis and imaging techniques.

Treatment Options in Anemia for Dogs

The treatment for anemia in dogs will be adjusted based on what caused your dog’s anemia. Here are the steps we take to treat anemia in dogs:

Treating the Underlying Cause

The first step in managing anemia in dogs is identifying the cause since each will have a specific treatment process.

• Blood Loss

If anemia is caused by trauma, surgery, or internal bleeding, the source of the bleeding must be located and stopped. Medications, surgical intervention, or supportive care may be required.

• Parasites

Infestations by fleas, ticks, or intestinal parasites are treated with appropriate antiparasitic medications and anthelmintics.

• Immune-Mediated Diseases

In cases of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids or other medications are prescribed to prevent your dog’s immune system from attacking the red blood cells.

• Chronic Diseases

Managing conditions like kidney disease, cancer, or hypothyroidism can improve red blood cell production and resolve anemia. Appropriate medications and treatment options will be used to manage these conditions.

• Nutritional Deficiencies

If the anemia is due to a lack of nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12, or vitamin B9, dietary supplements or adjustments to your dog’s diet may be necessary.

Blood Transfusions

A blood transfusion can be a great option for dogs with severe anemia. Transfusions provide an immediate increase in red blood cells, allowing the body to carry oxygen more effectively while the underlying issue is treated. 

Medications and Supportive Care

In addition to treating the cause, supportive care can help your dog recover faster and feel more comfortable:

• Medications

Depending on the cause, your dog may be prescribed antibiotics, medications to control bleeding, or corticosteroids.

• Fluids and Electrolytes

The use of IV fluids may be administered to address dehydration or imbalances caused by anemia. 

• Pain Management

If your dog is experiencing discomfort, pain-relieving medications may be provided to provide relief.

Nutritional Support

A high-quality, nutrient-rich diet can support recovery. In cases of iron deficiency, foods rich in iron, vitamin B12, and other important nutrients can aid in restoring normal red blood cell levels. We may recommend specific supplements or dietary changes based on your dog’s needs.

Preventing Anemia in Dogs

Preventing anemia in dogs involves proactive care and vigilance. While not all forms of anemia can be entirely avoided, many causes are preventable through proper management and regular veterinary care.

Regular Vet Checkups

Routine visits to the clinic are essential for early detection of anemia in dogs and its underlying causes. During these checkups, we may perform blood tests to monitor red blood cell levels, especially if your dog has a condition that predisposes them to anemia.

Parasite Control

Parasites such as fleas, ticks, and intestinal worms are common causes of blood loss anemia. Regular preventive care can prevent infestations. Additionally, inspect your dog regularly for signs of fleas or ticks, especially if they go outside to play.

Balanced Diet

Feeding your dog a high-quality diet helps in preventing anemia caused by deficiencies. Make sure the nutritional diet contains adequate levels of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. To get you started, we’ll help you create a diet plan you can easily follow at home. 

Avoiding Exposure to Toxins

Certain toxins, such as rat poison, cleaning chemicals, or foods like onions and garlic, can cause anemia in dogs. Keep these substances out of your dog’s reach, and make sure you store them properly.

Monitoring Chronic Conditions

If your dog has chronic conditions such as kidney disease or hypothyroidism, we will need to work closely to monitor these conditions. Proper management of these conditions will prevent the development of non-regenerative anemia in dogs.

Conclusion

Anemia in dogs can result from lots of different factors. This means that preventing anemia in your dog will cover a huge aspect of your dog’s overall health. Taking the steps will go a long way.