Cataracts are a common eye condition in dogs, characterized by a cloudy appearance of the eyes' lens. Depending on the cause, they can progress quickly or happen gradually.
Either way, they can block light from passing through the retina, resulting in vision problems that could lead to complete blindness if left untreated.
This guide covers everything you need to know about dog cataracts, from what they are to how they are treated and prevented.
Cataracts vs. Nuclear Sclerosis
Nuclear sclerosis is a similar condition, but entirely different. While both conditions can result in cloudy and opaque eyes, only cataracts can hinder vision. Nuclear sclerosis is a normal age-related condition that does not affect a dog’s sight.
What Causes Cataracts in Dogs?
Many pet owners assume cataracts only happen to senior dogs, but that’s not always the case. Genetics, injuries, and other health conditions can all play a role.
Here are the common causes of cataracts in dogs:
Genetics
One of the leading causes of canine cataracts is genetics. Some dogs are born with the condition, while others acquire them later in life. Inherited cataracts typically appear in young to middle-aged dogs and may progress slowly or rapidly.
Dog breeds with a relatively high risk include:
Bichon Frises
Miniature Schnauzers
Boston Terriers
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is another leading cause. Affected dogs have a significantly higher chance of cataracts due to increased blood sugar levels.
It happens when excess glucose enters the eye lens and is converted to sorbitol. This draws in water, causing it to swell and become cloudy, resulting in cataract formation.
Diabetes-related cases often develop fast, resulting in complete blindness in just a matter of weeks or months.
Age
Just like humans, dogs can develop eye conditions as they age. Age-related cataracts usually begin between the ages of 4 and 5, though the exact timing can vary depending on the dog’s breed.
Cataracts caused by aging tend to develop gradually and do not generally require immediate treatment. However, proper management is essential.
Eye Diseases
Eye diseases such as uveitis, glaucoma, and progressive retinal atrophy can increase the risk of cataracts in dogs. Here’s how they affect the eyes:
Uveitis. Chronic eye inflammation can have cataracts as one of its complications.
Glaucoma. The increased intraocular pressure can damage the retina and lens, potentially resulting in cataracts.
Progressive Retinal Atrophy. PRA degenerates the retina, causing a release of chemicals that can inflame the eye lens and lead to cataracts.
Eye Injuries and Trauma
Injuries and trauma to the eyes can damage the lens and trigger the formation of cataracts. These can include puncture, scratches, or blunt force. This kind of damage can also result in uveitis, a condition that increases the risk even more.
Other Factors
While not as common as the others above, nutritional deficiencies and toxin exposure can potentially trigger cataracts in dogs. Puppies who don’t receive the right amount of nutrients can develop eye impairments and problems, such as cataracts.
Additionally, long-term use of corticosteroids can also be a potential cause.
What are the Symptoms of Cataracts in Dogs?
The signs of cataracts in dogs often begin with subtle changes in vision. These include:
Cloudy, Bluish, or Gray Eyes. The most visible sign of cataracts is a cloudy or milky appearance in one or both eyes. This usually starts in the center of the lens and may look bluish, white, or gray.
Changes in Pupil Size. The pupils of affected dogs can appear dilated, and in some cases, they may even be uneven.
Clumsiness and Bumping Into Objects. As their vision becomes impaired, dogs will frequently have difficulty navigating around the house, often bumping into objects and knocking things over.
Reluctance to Move and Play. Dogs with vision loss will have significantly reduced activity and willingness to play. They might even hesitate to move, especially at night, in dimly lit rooms, or unfamiliar spaces.
Eye Irritation and Redness. In some cases, eye inflammation can cause cataracts in dogs. This leads to redness, eye irritation, pawing at the eyes, and discharge.
How are Cataracts in Dogs Treated?
Diagnosing canine cataracts will make use of a few methods, including:
Initial Eye Exam
Our pet ophthalmologists will perform a general physical exam and a close inspection of your dog’s eyes using an ophthalmoscope, a lighted tool. Based on our findings, we’ll decide on the next steps.
Slit Lamp Exam
A slit lamp exam involves a high-powered microscope that shines a narrow beam of light into the eye, providing a magnified and detailed view of the cornea and lens. This allows us to assess the depth and density of the cataracts.
Other Possible Tests
These tests don’t directly diagnose canine cataracts, but they help rule out potential conditions.
Tonometry. This test measures the pressure inside your dog’s eye to check for glaucoma, a potential cause. We use a small instrument to take a quick reading on the cornea.
Eye Staining. Eye staining tests can be helpful when dealing with trauma-related eye issues, including cataracts. A special dye and blue light will be used to highlight any damage to the cornea.
Electroretinography. An ERG determines whether the dog’s retina is functioning properly, rules out other eye conditions, and checks if the dog is capable of cataract surgery.
Blood Work. Blood tests can help diagnose diabetes, which is a common cause of cataract formation in dogs.
How are Cataracts in Dogs Treated?
Once your dog is diagnosed with cataracts, the next step is to decide how to treat and manage them. These involve a few methods:
Surgical Treatment
Surgery is by far the most effective treatment for canine cataracts. The most common procedure done is phacoemulsification.
This surgical technique works by using ultrasonic waves to break up the cloudy lens caused by the cataracts. The fragments are then carefully removed from the eye. To restore vision, an artificial lens is inserted to focus light into the retina efficiently.
Phacoemulsification has a high success rate, and dogs can live normal lives after a few weeks of recovery. This will include eye drops, protective cones, and several follow-up exams.
Non-Surgical Management
If an ERG reveals that the dog is unsuitable for surgery, then non-surgical management methods will be used. These include:
Anti-Inflammatory Eye Drops. These eye drops can help reduce swelling, pain, and discomfort.
Blood Sugar Control Medications. Managing diabetes is one way to prevent further cataract progression.
Lifestyle Adjustments. Minimizing clutter and layout changes can help keep the home environment consistent, making it easier for affected dogs to navigate.
How to Prevent Cataracts in Dogs?
Canine cataracts can’t be prevented entirely, but there are ways to reduce the risk. These include:
Manage Chronic Health Issues
If your dog has diabetes, managing it will significantly reduce the risk of cataract formation. This includes routine vet visits, a specialized diet, and following prescriptions.
Schedule Eye Exams
Dogs can benefit from regular eye exams to catch any unexpected and subtle eye issues before they worsen. Many vets can detect early cataract formation even before the symptoms show.
Protect Your Dog’s Eyes
For active dogs, protecting their eyes from injuries is another way to reduce the risk of cataracts and other eye issues. Consider having your dog play in a safe, fenced space instead of a wooded area.
Provide Nutritional Support
A balanced nutrition helps support your dog’s eye health and development, which is especially important in puppies. Antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin E can help support eye health.
“A dog’s eyes helps them stay connected to us and the world.”
- Dr. Nenad Misura
Conclusion
Cataracts in dogs are more common than most pet owners realize. They can hinder your dog’s activity and impair its vision. Fortunately, these can be treated and managed, especially when detected early.
Once you notice problems in your dog’s eyes, the most important thing you can do is take action and get them the care they deserve.
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