Conjunctivitis is one of the most common eye problems in dogs, and it won’t be surprising if your best friend has it. Also known as pink eye, this condition is caused by the inflammation of the conjunctiva, a thin layer that spans the white part of the eyeball.
Healthy eyes look white and normal, but eyes with conjunctivitis will appear red, swollen, and inflamed.
To help protect your dog against conjunctivitis, we’ll tell you everything about it, from its causes to how it’s treated and prevented.
What Causes Conjunctivitis in Dogs?
When a dog has conjunctivitis, the root cause can vary widely. Here are the most common causes of canine conjunctivitis:
Bacteria
Bacterial conjunctivitis in dogs is most often caused by environmental bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas. It rarely occurs on its own, as it usually develops as a secondary infection when the eye’s natural defenses are compromised.
Viruses
Viral pink eye is typically caused by a virus that also affects the respiratory system. It is often a broader illness, especially in puppies or dogs with compromised immune systems.
Common types of viruses that cause conjunctivitis include:
Canine herpesvirus
These viruses are often airborne or spread through direct contact, especially in environments where dogs are in close quarters. Dogs can also catch the virus by inhaling respiratory droplets or by sharing water bowls, bedding, or toys with an infected dog.
Allergies and Irritants
Conjunctivitis caused by allergies is common in dogs. This usually happens when they come into contact with something they’re allergic to, such as pollen, dust, and mold.
Additionally, environmental irritants such as smoke, strong household cleaners, and grooming products can irritate the eyes.
Foreign Bodies and Injuries
Anything that physically irritates or injures the surface of the eye can trigger conjunctivitis. This includes trauma from foreign objects like grass seeds or dust, scratches from rough play, or injuries sustained during animal fights or accidents.
Even minor damage can disrupt the eye’s natural defenses, creating a suitable environment for inflammation to set in.
Health Conditions
In some dogs, inflammation is actually a symptom of a deeper health issue. Conditions such as canine entropion or blocked tear ducts can disrupt the eye’s natural protective barriers, making it easier for irritants and pathogens to trigger conjunctivitis.
Facial Structures
Facial structures also contribute to conjunctivitis in dogs. Brachycephalic breeds are significantly more prone to canine conjunctivitis than other dogs, primarily because of their prominent eyes. Their eyes become more vulnerable to irritants, allergens, and injuries.
These include dog breeds such as:
What are the Symptoms of Conjunctivitis in Dogs?
Affected dogs normally display localized symptoms that are easy to spot. Here are the common signs of conjunctivitis in dogs:
Redness and Swelling. Pink eye causes the conjunctiva to become visibly red or pink due to inflammation and increased blood flow to the area. This also results in swelling of the tissues around the eyes. In some cases, the swelling may be significant enough to partially close the eye.
Eye Discharge. Depending on the cause of conjunctivitis, a dog’s eyes can have discharge. Clear tearing is often from allergies and irritants, while green or yellow mucus suggests a bacterial infection.
Crusting Around the Eye. When discharge dries, it forms crusts that can stick to the eyelids and eyelashes. These crusts can cause more irritation and make it harder for affected dogs to open their eyes.
Squinting or Excessive Blinking. Dogs with conjunctivitis will start to squint and blink more frequently as a response to the discomfort experienced.
Pawing at the Eye. In addition to frequent squinting, conjunctivitis can cause dogs to paw at their own eyes, trying to relieve the discomfort. This can worsen the issue by introducing more bacteria or injuries to the eye.
Sensitivity to Light. Eyes that are sensitive to light are also another possible symptom of conjunctivitis. If your dog has conjunctivitis, you might notice them trying to avoid rooms with bright light, while seeking shelter in dimly lit rooms and areas under sofas.
How is Conjunctivitis in Dogs Diagnosed?
Since the causes vary, we might do several tests to rule out the possibilities. These are the methods we use to diagnose dog pink eye:
Physical Eye Examination
We will begin with a close visual exam of your dog’s eyes, eyelids, and surrounding tissues. Our vets will check for any signs of swelling, redness, or discharge. We’ll also ask you about your dog’s behavior at home.
Eye Staining Test
An eye staining test, which uses orange dye and a special blue light, can help locate scratches or damage to your dog’s eyes. Any damage will be highlighted green under this diagnostic method.
Schirmer Tear Test
If dry eye is suspected, we may perform a Schirmer tear test to assess your dog’s tear production. In this test, a small strip of paper is placed under the lower eyelid, measuring moisture produced in a minute.
Cytology and Culture
Cytology is a method in which we collect a sample of cells from the conjunctiva to examine under a microscope. This can determine any signs of eye infection and inflammation that might be causing your dog’s conjunctivitis.
For more recurrent cases, a culture and sensitivity test will be done. This can help determine the specific pathogen and decide the best medication for it.
Allergy Testing
Allergy testing helps identify whether environmental allergens trigger your dog’s eye inflammation. One method used is intradermal skin testing, which involves injecting a specific and small amount of allergens into the skin.
How to Treat Conjunctivitis in Dogs?
How we treat your dog’s conjunctivitis depends entirely on what's causing it.
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Antibiotic eye drops and ointments are the commonly used medications for bacterial conjunctivitis. Oral antibiotics can be used if the infection has spread or doesn’t respond to topical treatments. Treatment generally lasts 5 to 7 days.
Viral Conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis is quite tricky to cure, as there isn’t a definitive treatment. In some cases, antiviral medications are prescribed.
Supportive care is the general option for affected dogs, and this includes frequent eye cleaning, lubricating drops, and antibiotics to prevent secondary infections.
Allergic Conjunctivitis
For conjunctivitis caused by allergies, we generally prescribe an antihistamine, steroid eye drops, and sometimes oral allergy medications. Eye lubricants can also be used to help relieve irritation and discomfort.
Changes at home and in your dog’s environment are also recommended to help the treatment go smoothly.
Eye Injuries
When dog pink eye is triggered by trauma or a foreign object, we first remove the irritant and assess the damage. Lubricating drops, anti-inflammatory medications, and e-collars can help with recovery.
Health Conditions
Specific treatment options will be recommended for health conditions such as dry eye and eyelid abnormalities. Dogs with dry eyes will be given tear stimulants, while structural issues will require surgical correction.
How is Conjunctivitis in Dogs Prevented?
Protecting your dog from conjunctivitis is a much better route than treating it. Here’s how you can do it:
Keep the Eyes Clean
Wipe your dog’s eyes with a damp, clean cloth to remove dirt, allergens, or discharge. Regularly cleaning their eyes, especially if they frequently go outside to play or exercise.
Avoid Environmental Irritants
Limit your dog’s exposure to smoke, dust, chemicals, and strong cleaning products. Make sure to hide any form of chemical away from your dog’s reach.
Groom Around the Eyes
Regularly grooming your dog helps reduce the chances of lashes or fur rubbing against the surface of the eyes. This is especially needed for long-haired breeds.
Have Your Dog Vaccinated Regularly
Routine vaccinations can help prevent viral illnesses such as canine distemper. This can significantly reduce the risk of viral conjunctivitis, even in cramped areas.
Manage Your Dog’s Allergies
If your dog has known allergies, work with us on a long-term plan to manage them. This can include dietary changes, environmental adjustments, and medication.
“A dog’s eyes express trust, curiosity, and love. Protecting the way they see the world starts with proper care and prevention.”
- Dr. Nenad Misura
Conclusion
Conjunctivitis is common in dogs, and it shouldn’t be ignored. If you notice any signs, it’s important to get your best friend the care it needs. With proper care and a little prevention, most dogs recover quickly and keep their vision healthy.
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