Arthritis is one of the most common health issues in dogs, especially as they grow older. But while arthritis is most often associated with senior dogs, younger dogs aren’t entirely safe. Injuries, genetics, infections, and even autoimmune diseases can also lead to this condition and cause significant discomfort.

Dogs rely on their joints for movement. Over time, the wear and tear will significantly impact the dog’s joints. The condition affects their joints, causing pain, stiffness, and difficulty moving. If you’ve noticed your dog slowing down or struggling to get up, it might indicate arthritis. Fortunately, this condition can be managed with the right knowledge and help. 

That said, let’s discuss everything you need to know about arthritis in dogs so you can help your best friend.

What Causes Arthritis in Dogs?

Arthritis in dogs doesn’t happen overnight. It develops over time due to joint wear, injuries, genetics, or other health issues. While age is by far one of the most common causes, there are also other factors worth looking into.

The causes of arthritis in dogs include:

• Aging. As dogs get older, their joints naturally wear down. Over time, the cartilage that cushions their joints deteriorates, leading to stiffness, pain, and arthritis.

  
  

• Genetics. Some breeds, like Labradors, German Shepherds, and Rottweilers, are more prone to arthritis due to inherited joint issues like hip or elbow dysplasia.
  
  

• Obesity and Excess Weight. Carrying extra weight stresses a dog’s joints, increasing the risk of arthritis.
  
  

• Joint Injuries and Trauma. Past injuries, such as fractures, ligament tears, or repetitive stress from high-impact activities, can lead to joint damage and arthritis over time.
  
  

• Infections and Autoimmune Diseases. Conditions like Lyme disease, septic arthritis, or autoimmune disorders can cause joint inflammation and long-term damage.
  
  

• Poor Nutrition and Lack of Joint Support. A diet lacking essential nutrients can weaken joint health and make dogs more prone to arthritis.

Types of Arthritis in Dogs

Arthritis in dogs isn’t a one-size-fits-all condition. There are several types of canine arthritis, each with unique causes and characteristics. Here are the most common types of arthritis in dogs:

Osteoarthritis

This is the most common type of arthritis in dogs. Also known as degenerative joint disease, canine osteoarthritis develops gradually as the cartilage in a dog’s joints wears down over time. Because of the loss of this cushioning, the bones begin to rub at each other, leading to stiffness, inflammation, and pain. 

While osteoarthritis can impact just about any other joint, the condition is usually experienced in the dog’s hips, knees, elbows, and spine. Some of the common factors that cause the disease include aging, genetics, obesity, and joint injuries.

The disease is known to be common in dog breeds that have the tendency to experience joint issues. Some examples are Labradors, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds. But while osteoarthritis is progressive, the disease can be managed.

Autoimmune Arthritis

Autoimmune arthritis is a disease wherein a dog’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own joints. One well-known type of arthritis in this group is rheumatoid arthritis. In this condition, the dog’s joints will experience chronic damage and inflammation. Unlike osteoarthritis, which develops from wear and tear, autoimmune arthritis can occur at any age.

Septic Arthritis

Unlike other types of arthritis in dogs, septic arthritis is caused by pathogens. It’s a type caused by a bacterial or fungal infection that enters the joint, leading to severe swelling, heat, and pain. This can happen through an open wound, post-surgery infection, or bacteria traveling through the bloodstream. Because of its nature, septic arthritis requires emergency care and treatment in order to prevent further joint damage.

Hip Dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is a developmental skeletal condition where the hip joint doesn’t fit together properly, causing abnormal wear and tear. Over time, this misalignment of the bones will lead to arthritis. This condition is hereditary and is common in large and larger dog breeds like Rottweilers, Great Danes, and Golden Retrievers.

What are the Symptoms of Arthritis in Dogs?

Arthritis in dogs can be somewhat difficult to spot, especially if your pup is still young. Because most types are progressive, many of the symptoms happen gradually. However, it’s good to be aware of the potential signs early on.

Here are some of the most common signs of arthritis in dogs:

Stiffness and Limping

One of the earliest and most noticeable signs of arthritis is stiffness, particularly after periods of rest. Your dog may struggle to stand up or take a few stiff steps before moving more normally. Limping is also common, especially after exercise or on colder days when arthritis pain tends to flare up.

Difficulty and Reluctance to Move

Arthritis in dogs can make previously simple tasks challenging. Your dog might have visible difficulty moving to its usual spots, whether it’s walking to the porch or jumping on the couch. In severe cases, your dog will prefer to avoid any playtime or walks to avoid the pain and discomfort. 

Over time, dogs with arthritis may start modifying their movements to avoid pain, such as using only one side of their body more than the other. Additionally, dogs might also become more tired on walks, which might prompt them to not even go for a walk. Some dogs may also show a decrease in their usual enthusiasm for playtime or physical activities.

Behavioral Changes

The pain and discomfort brought by arthritis can lead to noticeable changes in your dog’s behavior. Dogs may become less playful or active, preferring to rest more than usual. Some dogs may show signs of irritability or even aggression, especially if the affected joints are touched or handled.

In more advanced stages, dogs may show clear signs of pain. This could include whimpering, yelping, or licking the affected joints frequently. Some dogs may also hold their limb in an unusual position to reduce pressure on the painful joint.

Arthritic dogs often sleep more as a way to cope with the discomfort. You might notice your dog seeking out soft, warm places to rest or becoming more withdrawn than usual.

Swelling and Muscle Loss

You might notice swelling around your dog’s joints. These areas can feel swollen and warm to the touch, particularly in areas like the hips, knees, and elbows. Over time, dogs with arthritis may also experience muscle loss, especially in the legs, as they avoid putting weight on painful joints.

How is Arthritis in Dogs Diagnosed?

If your dog is starting to show signs as it gets older, it might be time to have a checkup to confirm your suspicions. However, starting the checkups at a younger age is also good.

Here are some of the methods we use to diagnose arthritis in dogs:

Physical Examination

Our vets will start by physically examining your dog and checking its overall physical condition. This includes posture, range of motion, and overall joint function. Any stiffness, limping, or pain when moving will be taken into account. Your observations at home will also come into play during this process.

Imaging Tests

X-rays are one of the most reliable and common tools for diagnosing arthritis in dogs. This tool helps provide images of the affected bones and joints, allowing our vets to identify signs of arthritis. 

This includes markers such as:

• Narrowed joint spaces. When the cartilage in your dog’s joints gets damaged, the space between the bones will narrow down.

• Bone spurs. Because of cartilage loss, the body will create extra bone growths at the edges of the joints.

• Changes in bone structure. The inflammation caused by the joints’ wear and tear will lead to changes in the bone structure of your dog.

Joint Fluid Analysis

For specific types of dog arthritis, like septic arthritis, we may use a method known as joint fluid analysis. In this diagnostic test, we will take a small sample of fluid from your dog’s affected joint. Once we have the sample, we’ll examine it to check for any signs of infections, inflammation, and other factors we can rule out to determine your dog’s condition. 

Treatment for Dog Arthritis

While arthritis in dogs can’t be cured, there are many ways to manage pain, improve mobility, and slow the progression of the disease. With the right treatment plan, your dog can continue to enjoy life with less discomfort and more movement.

Here’s how we help dogs with arthritis:

Medications

One of the most common ways to treat arthritis in dogs is through medication, which helps reduce pain, swelling, and stiffness. This includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These medications are super helpful in reducing inflammation and relieving your dog’s pain, allowing it to move more comfortably. 

When it comes to medications, it’s a good practice to follow the prescriptions. Long-term medication use requires monitoring to avoid side effects that affect other parts of your dog’s body.

Joint Supplements

Many dogs with arthritis benefit from joint supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega-3 fatty acids. These supplements help support cartilage health, reduce inflammation, and improve joint function. While supplements aren’t a replacement for medication, they act as supportive treatments that can aid in helping your dog with its symptoms.

Physical Therapy

A safe and controlled exercise routine is essential for maintaining muscle strength and joint mobility. Activities like walking or swimming help keep joints flexible, but it’s important to set limitations to avoid too much stress. Hydrotherapy is particularly effective because it allows your dog to exercise without exerting any pressure on the joints, effectively minimizing joint strain.

Our pet physiotherapists can help provide a detailed exercise plan that can be done at home and at the clinic. The plan will depend on your dog’s condition, as we’ll always prioritize its health and needs. 

Weight Management

When it comes to joint health, your dog’s weight is a big factor. Extra weight will create extra stress for your dog’s joints. The more your dog’s weight is managed, the less stress and strain is exerted on its bones and joints, allowing for steady management. Switching to a specialized diet for weight and joint health will come in handy.

Alternative Therapies

Some dogs find relief through alternative therapies, including acupuncture, laser therapy, and massage therapy. The goal of these treatments is to help your dog during this tough time. The methods will reduce pain, help improve circulation, and encourage the body to heal.

Surgery

In severe cases where other treatments don’t provide sufficient relief, surgical options may be considered. Procedures such as joint replacement, arthroscopy, or joint fusion can significantly reduce pain and improve mobility. 

How to Prevent Arthritis in Dogs?

While arthritis in dogs can’t be completely prevented, there are things you can do to reduce the risk and delay its onset. Focus on your dog’s weight, joint health, and overall health to start. 

1. Keep Your Dog at Healthy Weight. Keep your dog’s diet filled with healthy fats and high-quality protein. Maintaining a good weight will help reduce joint strain.
   
   

2. Provide Joint-Friendly Nutrition. Joint supplements support cartilage health and reduce inflammation, keeping joints strong.
   
   

3. Encourage Gentle and Controlled Exercise. Low-impact activities like short walks and swimming keep joints flexible without adding stress. Avoid excessive jumping or rough play.
   
   

4. Prevent Joint Injuries. Using ramps, soft bedding, and other helpful equipment can keep the home safe for your dog. Warmups before play can also help protect the joints.
   
   

5. Regular Visits. Routine vet visits can detect early signs of joint issues, such as arthritis in dogs. This allows us to address the issue earlier before it gets worse.

Our dogs give us their best years. It's our job to make sure their golden years are just as happy and comfortable.

- Dr. Mafalda Sardinha

Conclusion

Arthritis is a common condition in dogs, but it doesn’t have to define their quality of life. With early detection, proper treatment, and a few lifestyle adjustments, your dog can continue to enjoy their daily walks, playtime, and companionship for years to come. 

The key is understanding their needs and taking proactive steps to keep them comfortable. If your dog is showing signs of arthritis, don’t wait to take action. The earlier you start a treatment plan with us, the happier your dog will be.