Eye infections in dogs can happen quickly and catch pet owners off guard. A dog’s eyes are delicate, easily irritated by the smallest of problems. What starts as a little bit of redness and scratching can progress to something more serious if not given attention.
This guide breaks down everything you need to know about dog eye infections. The sooner you know, the faster you can help your dog recover.
Key Takeaways
Dog eye infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, foreign bodies, trauma, allergies, facial structures, dry eye, and other eye conditions.
They’re treated with eye cleaning, specific medications, and supportive care.
Prevention includes eye cleaning, grooming, home cleaning, and regular eye exams.
What Are the Symptoms of Eye Infections in Dogs?
Common signs manifest as signs of irritation and discomfort. These include:
Redness and Swelling. Redness on the white part of the eye and the surrounding tissues may be present, along with swelling in these areas.
Eye Discharge. Thick, yellow/green discharge indicates bacterial eye infections, while clear discharge signals viral causes.
Excessive Squinting and Blinking. Dogs may instinctively squint or blink due to the irritation they feel from the eye infection.
Pawing and Rubbing at the Eyes. Some dogs may even paw at their eyes or rub them on furniture and nearby objects. Excessive scratching can make the infection worse.
Changes in Eye Appearance. Eye infections, along with constant rubbing, can cause a cloudy appearance in the dog’s eye. This usually indicates a much deeper issue, like corneal damage.
Behavioral Changes. Dogs with eye infections are noticeably unhappy and uncomfortable. They may lose interest in activities, flinch when touched on the face, and keep their heads low to avoid bright light.
Are Dog Eye Infections an Emergency?
Yes, these are considered emergencies because of the high risk of eye infections worsening. Additionally, the symptoms may become more severe, and affected dogs may persistently scratch their eyes, potentially leading to corneal ulcers.
It’s best to get your dog the help they need the moment you notice the symptoms.
What Causes Dog Eye Infections?
Canine eye infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, foreign objects, trauma, allergies, and several health issues.
Bacteria
Bacterial eye infections in dogs are among the most common, usually involving Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. They are also the usual suspects in canine conjunctivitis. Bacteria generally enter through scratches and sores, where they can easily multiply on the surface of the eye.
Viruses
Viruses infect a dog’s eye by invading the cells of the eye tissues and damaging them. They can also cause respiratory infections, which spread into the dog’s eyes. Viruses may also compromise the immune system, making secondary infections highly likely.
Common viruses that cause dog eye infections include canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus-1, and canine adenovirus type 1.
Fungi
Eye infections in dogs may also be caused by fungi, even though they aren't as common as bacterial or viral agents. This happens when the fungal spores enter the eye, which can come from the moist outdoor environments.
Common fungal agents that cause eye infections in dogs include Malassezia, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus. These can affect deeper eye tissues, causing more problems in the long run.
Foreign Material and Trauma
Foreign bodies and injuries may trigger eye infections in dogs by irritating the eye surface and even causing damage. These open sores and scratches provide opportunities for bacteria to enter and cause infection.
Allergies
Allergic reactions to pollen, dust mites, mold, or food can lead to inflammation, itchiness, and excessive eye rubbing. As a result, the eye experiences constant irritation, making it vulnerable to infection, especially the bacterial kind.
Dry Eye
Dry eye is a condition in which the eyes lack tears. Tears contain antibodies and enzymes that help cleanse the eye, remove debris, and protect against bacteria. In dogs with dry eye, this protective layer is significantly lessened, increasing the risk of eye infections.
The condition is common in breeds like Shih Tzus, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, and Yorkshire Terriers.
Facial Structures
Certain dog breeds are more prone to developing eye infections because of their facial structures. Brachycephalic breeds, for instance, have prominent eyes and flat faces, causing trouble with tear drainage and making the eyes susceptible to infection.
Long-haired dogs are also susceptible because their long fur traps moisture, debris, and bacteria, and their fur easily touches their eyes.
Other Eye Conditions
Similarly, dogs with entropion, ectropion, and cherry eye are also susceptible to eye infections. Basically, anything that damages the dog’s eyes and makes them prone to eye infections is a risk factor.
Breeds commonly affected by eye issues include Great Danes, Cocker Spaniels, Saint Bernards, and Chow Chows.
How Are Eye Infections in Dogs Diagnosed?
Our pet ophthalmologists start with an eye exam, then proceed with diagnostic tests.
Veterinary Eye Exam
We usually start with an eye exam and look for any physical signs. Our vets will focus on the common symptoms, such as any form of discharge, injuries, or inflammation. The hands-on exam rules out the basic causes and helps us decide what to do next.
Eye Stain Test
This is one of the most common tools used to diagnose eye issues in dogs. Our vets use a special orange dye for this method. The dye is harmless and highlights any scratches or ulcers on the cornea when placed under a special blue light.
Culture and Sensitivity Test
A culture and sensitivity test uses a cultured sample of the pathogen, helping identify the exact microorganism involved. This test also allows us to determine which antibiotic, medicine, or treatment works best with your dog’s situation.
Cytology
In some cases, our vets use cytology to examine the type of cells present, the presence of microorganisms, and abnormal cell changes. It involves collecting a small sample of discharge or surface cells from the dog’s eyes and examining them under a microscope.
Schirmer Tear Test
We may perform a Schirmer tear test to measure tear production, which is crucial for determining if dry eye is a contributing factor in the dog’s eye infection. It works by using a small strip of paper on the lower eyelid.
Tonometry
Tonometry is performed when glaucoma or uveitis is suspected, as these conditions can be associated with eye infections. It’s done by using a device and positioning it close to the cornea.
Additional Tests
If necessary, our vets may perform blood tests, biopsies, or diagnostic imaging. These will be needed to check for systemic illnesses.
How Do Vets Treat Dog Eye Infections?
The main treatment options will revolve around medications and supportive care.
Eye Cleaning
Our vets will gently clean your dog’s eyes, providing relief and washing away any debris. This will be essential for administering medication. A vet-approved saline solution is typically used for this.
Medical Management
Antibiotics. Since bacteria are a common cause, these are often treated with antibiotic eye drops and ointments. Options include Terramycin and BNP (Bacitracin-Neomycin-Polymyxin B).
Antivirals. Commonly used medications include cidofovir and idoxuridine.
Antifungals. Highly effective options include voriconazole and itraconazole.
Anti-Inflammatory Medications. These medicines help reduce swelling and inflammation, relieving the pain and alleviating the symptoms.
Tear Stimulants and Lubricants. These are essential for dogs with dry eye, as they keep their eyes moist and prevent further irritation. They also help wash away debris and soothe the eyes.
Supportive Care and Recovery
In all kinds of eye infection treatments, dogs will need consistent home care. Regular eye cleaning and medications will ensure a full recovery. For dogs that scratch their eyes frequently, an Elizabethan collar can help prevent this behavior.
Vet Tips: How to Prevent Eye Infections in Dogs?
The best way to handle a dog eye infection is to prevent it in the first place. Focus on cleaning the eyes, trimming the fur around the eyes, sanitizing the home, and scheduling checkups.
Clean the Eyes
Always check on your dog's eyes, especially after they've been outside. Check for debris, dirt, or discharge. If you see anything, use a clean, damp cloth and gently wipe outward from the eyes.
Trim the Fur Around the Eyes
Keep your dog's fur short and well-maintained. Long fur can trap moisture, debris, and bacteria. Plus, it can easily poke the eyes and irritate them.
Sanitize the Home
Make sure to clean the home regularly, especially in areas your dog frequents. Sanitize bedding, pillows, and blankets to limit exposure to dust and debris.
Schedule Routine Checkups
Having your dog's eyes checked regularly by our experts. We can look for any issues before they develop into more complicated problems. Schedule a wellness check today.
“Clear eyes are a window to your dog’s comfort, health, and happiness.”
- Dr. Soheyl Simaei
Final Thoughts
Eye infections in dogs are common, but they don’t have to be complicated. Luckily, almost all cases can clear up quickly with the right care and treatment. Knowing what the symptoms look like and what they mean helps you know what to do if your dog gets an eye infection.
With your help, your dog will live a happy life with healthy eyes.
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