Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs | Symptoms & Treatment

Written by

Dr. Mafalda Sardinha

Updated Date

Jul 4, 2025

12 minutes

Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What Is IVDD in Dogs?

Intervertebral disc disease in dogs is a disease in which the spinal cord’s cushioning discs either bulge or burst, applying immense pressure on it. This results in a highly compressed spine, which leads to pain, nerve damage, and, in severe cases, paralysis.

The discs are just like shock absorbers in your dog’s spine. When they rupture, the spine can no longer move normally without causing harm.

IVDD is generally classified into two main types:

Hansen Type 1 IVDD. This type involves the sudden rupture of the disc, which is often seen in younger to middle-aged dogs. These dogs are usually chondrodystrophic breeds, which are dogs with long backs.

Hansen Type 2 IVDD. This type involves a much slower degeneration of the discs, which is more common in larger and older dog breeds.

What Causes Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs?

Knowing why IVDD happens in dogs is one way to know more about it. While some factors can’t be changed, they can be managed.

Genetics

Some dogs inherit a genetic tendency to early disc degeneration. This is generally true in breeds with long backs and short legs since they experience more mechanical stress on the spine. In some cases, a specific gene associated with chondrodystrophy is often linked to IVDD in dogs.

Some dog breeds prone to canine IVDD include:

Dachshunds
Basset Hounds
Shih Tzus
Corgis
Beagles

Trauma and Strain

Even minor accidents, such as slipping on the floor, falling from a couch, or rough play with other pets, can cause a weakened spinal disc to rupture. Dogs with existing disc degeneration will be affected even more.

Additionally, repetitive strain, such as jumping on and off furniture, climbing up stairs, or constant activity without rest, can trigger IVDD. This microtrauma can gradually weaken the disc structure as well, even in small increments.

Age

Over time, the discs between a dog’s vertebrae will lose their ability to cushion the spine effectively. The discs can become brittle, becoming more prone to damage. In some cases, the discs can calcify.

While IVDD can occur at any age, they are mostly seen in dogs between the ages of 3 and 7.

Obesity

Excessive weight can place significant stress on the dog’s spine, speeding up the degeneration process and increasing the chance of the discs bursting. Dogs with extra weight often have weaker muscles, making them more prone to injuries.

Common Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs Symptoms

The signs of canine IVDD can depend on how severe the compression is. These often start subtly but can also happen suddenly. Here are the common signs:

Pain. One of the more prevalent signs of IVDD is pain, which may be noticed through the affected dog’s vocalizations. This can happen when they move, jump, or climb platforms. Other dogs can also choose to move slowly due to the immense pain.

Weakness and Incoordination. Weakness, especially in the legs, is to be expected with this condition. Dogs will often wobble, drag their feet, or have difficulty getting up. Others may choose not to move altogether.

Behavioral Changes. Some dogs can appear quieter and more reserved. They can also become restless as they try to find a comfortable spot without much noise. Others can act more aggressively or be irritated.

Loss of Bladder or Bowel Control. In the condition’s advanced stages, affected dogs may lose control of their bladder and bowels. This is often a serious sign of spinal cord injury.

Paralysis. In more severe cases, dogs can lose the ability to walk altogether. Paralysis may start with weakness and progress to complete inability to move the hind legs.

Notice any of the early signs?

Let us examine your dog right away.

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What Are the Stages of IVDD in Dogs?

Vets often use a grading system to describe the stages of IVDD in dogs. It follows:

Grade Level	Description	What You Can Notice
1	Walking normally with mild pain	You may hear your dog voice out when moving or showing a reluctance to climb up
2	Walking with pain and a wobbly gait in the hind legs	You can see your dog walking unsteadily, with the dragging of the toes
3	Severe weakness and an inability to stand	You can see the dog struggle to rise or collapse when trying to walk
4	Paralysis and loss of bladder control	Your dog cannot stand or move its legs at all but will react when touched
5	Paralysis and loss of deep pain sensation	No movement or reaction to a strong sensation in the toes

How Do Vets Diagnose Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs?

If you notice any of the signs, then it’s important to have your dog checked. Catching canine intervertebral disc disease early allows us to lessen the pain and strain your dog is feeling.

We start with a physical examination of your dog’s spine, muscles, and range of motion. Our vets will also conduct a neurological exam to check your dog’s reflexes, ability to walk, and responses when touched. This allows us to know where the spinal cord compression is.

To get a better view, we will use X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs. X-rays are used to evaluate changes in the vertebrae, including their discs. CT scans can also be used if an MRI is unavailable. It works by visualizing the spinal cord and its surroundings.

MRIs are considered the gold standard for diagnosing this condition. It works by providing our vets with cross-sectional images of your dog’s spinal cord, nerves, and other surrounding tissues. This allows us to pinpoint the exact location of the disc that burst.

How Do You Treat Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs?

The right treatment for your dog’s condition will depend on its case. Mild cases can have conservative treatments, while severe ones will require surgery.

Non-Surgical Treatment

This approach is suitable for dogs with milder symptoms, particularly those in grades 1 and 2 or those who cannot handle surgery. Strict rest is crucial for recovery. This minimizes movement and allows the discs and nearby tissues to heal. This usually lasts for 4 to 6 weeks.

We will prescribe pain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, and steroids as needed to provide relief.

Surgery

Severe canine intervertebral disc disease will require surgical intervention. The main purpose is to relieve the pressure and improve chances for normal walking. Common methods include:

Hemilaminectomy. The most frequently performed surgery for middle to lower back IVDD is a hemilaminectomy. Our vet surgeons remove part of the vertebra on one side, allowing the herniated discs to be removed, effectively decompressing the spine.

Ventral Slot Surgery. This procedure is done by creating a small slot on the bottom side of the neck vertebrae. Doing so provides access to allow our vets to remove the material causing the spinal cord compression.

Fenestration. A surgical procedure in which a small window is created in the outer layer of the disc to remove the soft portion of it called the nucleus pulposus. This relieves spinal cord pressure.

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

Either type of treatment will require the right steps for recovery and rehabilitation. Physical therapy procedures such as hydrotherapy, laser therapy, acupuncture, and guided exercises can help affected dogs recover.

These help dogs improve coordination and regain some strength in their legs. To assist the process, medication, proper nursing, and overall support will be given.

Recovery and Prognosis for Dogs With IVDD

Canine intervertebral disc disease requires a lot of attention and care. Dogs affected by it will require a few days to weeks, but full recovery can take 4 to 6 weeks or longer. Dogs who have just undergone surgery can regain full function, but this can take several months.

Dogs who still have deep pain sensation during treatment are known to have a generally good to excellent prognosis. However, dogs who have lost this sensation have a much poorer chance of recovery, even with surgery.

For those recovering, they have an increased risk of other related orthopedic problems. This means that avoiding exercise, using ramps, and managing weight are crucial steps.

Can a Dog Recover From IVDD?

Yes, many dogs can recover from intervertebral disc disease, especially if treatment starts early. Dogs with mild to moderate IVDD can regain normal function with rest and rehabilitation, while dogs with severe cases require surgery.

What Is the Life Expectancy of Dogs With IVDD?

Dogs with IVDD can live long and happy lives with proper management and treatment. Mild cases will have an easier time, while those with severe cases can recover from surgery in a few weeks.

Can IVDD in Dogs Be Prevented?

While IVDD can’t be completely changed or prevented, you can reduce some of the risks.

Maintain a healthy weight

Helping your dogs lose weight reduces the pressure on the spine and overall strain. This helps prevent disc degeneration and lowers the

Limit strenuous activity

If your dog is at risk, be sure to avoid any strenuous activity. Avoid letting your dog jump or climb stairs frequently. Make the exercise routines lighter and easier.

Have regular checkups

Wellness exams help detect subtle signs of back pain or weakness before they become severe. We can also recommend the best ways to keep your dog’s body well-maintained.

“A dog’s spirit is stronger than any injury. Through love and patience, they can overcome the toughest of challenges.”
- Dr. Mafalda Sardinha

Final Thoughts

While intervertebral disc disease in dogs can be scary, it doesn’t have to mean the end of an active and joyful life. Through careful and consistent management, your best friend can enjoy more running and playing.